F.Sc 2nd Year Pre Medical Board Exam Preparation Online
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F.Sc 2nd Year Pre-Medical (Punjab) Contents Include
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- Charge and Its Properties
- Coulomb's Law
- Fields of Force
- Electric Field Lines
- Application of Electrostatics
- Electric Flux
- Electric Flux Through A Surface Enclosing A Charge
- Gauss's Law and Its Applications
- Electric Potential & Electron Volt
- Electric and Gravitational Forces (A Comparison)
- Charge on An Electron By Millikan's Method
- Capacitor
- Capacitance of A Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Electric Polarization of Dielectrics
- Energy Stored in A Capacitor
- Charging and Discharging A Capacitor
- Exercise: Chapter 12
- Ohm's Law
- Resistance & Resistivity & Its Dependence Upon Temperature
- Series & Parallel Combination of Resistors
- Colour Code For Carbon Resistances
- Electrical Power and Power Dissipation in Resistors
- Electromotive Force (EMF) and Potential Difference
- Kilo Watt Hour
- Maximum Power Output
- Kirchhoff's Rules
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Potentiometer
- Exercise: Chapter 13
- Magnetic Field Due To Current In A Straight Wire
- Force On A Current Carrying Conductor In A Uniform Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Flux and Flux Density
- Ampere's Law and Determination of Flux Density B
- Force On A Moving Charge In A Magnetic Field
- Motion of Charged Particle in an Electric and Magnetic Field
- Determination of e/m of an Electron
- Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
- Torque on a Current Carrying Coil
- Galvanometer
- Avo Meter-Multimeter
- Exercise: Chapter 14
- Induced EMF and Induced Current
- Motional EMF
- Faraday's Law and Induced EMF
- Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced EMF
- Mutual Induction
- Self Induction
- Energy Stored in An Inductor
- Alternating Current Generator
- D.C. Generator
- Back Motor Effect in Generators
- D.C. Motor
- Back EMF Effect in Motors
- Transformer
- Exercise: Chapter 15
- A.C. Circuits
- A.C. Through A Resistor
- A.C. Through A Capacitor
- A.C. Through An Inductor
- Impedance
- R-C and R-L Series Circuits
- Power in A.C. Circuits
- Series Resonance Circuit
- Parallel Resonance Circuit
- Three Phase A.C. Supply
- Principle of Metal Detectors
- Choke
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Principle of Generation, Transmission and Reception of Electromagnetic Waves
- Modulation
- Exercise: Chapter 16
- Mechanical Properties of Solids
- Electrical Properties of Solids
- Superconductors
- Magnetic Properties of Solids
- Exercise: Chapter 17
- Brief Review of p-n Junction and Its Characteristics
- Rectification
- Specially Designed p-n Junctions
- Transistors
- Operational Amplifier
- OP-AMP as Inverting Amplifier
- OP-AMP as Non-Inverting Amplifier
- OP-AMP as a Comparator
- Comparator as a Night Switch
- Digital Systems
- Exercise: Chapter 18
- Relative Motion
- Frames of Reference
- Special Theory of Relativity
- Compton Effect
- Photoelectric Effect
- Black Body Radiation
- Energy of Photon
- Pair Production & Annihilation of Matter
- Wave Nature of Particles
- Uncertainty Principle
- Exercise: Chapter 19
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr's Law of The Hydrogen Atom
- Inner Shell Transitions and Characteristics X-Rays
- Uncertainty Within The Atom
- Laser
- Exercise: Chapter 20
- Atomic Nucleus
- Isotopes
- Mass Defect and Binding Enegy
- Radioactivity
- Half Life
- Interaction of Radiation With Matter
- Radiation Detectors
- Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear Fission
- Fusion Reaction
- Radiation Exposure
- Biological Effects of Radiation
- Biological and Medical Uses of Radiation
- Basic Forces of Nature & Building Blocks of Matter
- Exercise: Chapter 21
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- Introduction
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Periodic Trends In Physical Properties
- Periodic Relationship In Compounds
- The Position Of Hydrogen
- Exercise: Chapter 1
- Introduction
- General Behaviour Of Alkali & Alkaline Earth Metals
- Commercial Preparation Of Sodium By Downs Cell
- Commercial Preparation Of Sodium Hydroxide By The Diaphragm Cell
- Role Of Gypsum In Agriculture And Industry
- Role Of Lime In Agriculture And Industry
- Exercise: Chapter 2
- Group III A Elements
- Compounds Of Boron
- Reactions Of Aluminium
- Group IV A Elements
- Compounds Of Carbon And Silicon
- Semiconductors
- Uses Of Lead Compounds In Paints
- Exercise: Chapter 3
- Introduction
- Nitrogen And Its Compounds
- Phosphorus And Its Compounds
- Group VIA Elements
- Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)
- Exercise: Chapter 4
- Introduction
- Peculiar Behaviour Of Fluorine
- Oxidizing Properties
- Compounds Of Halogens
- Commercial Uses Of Halogen And Their Compounds
- Noble Gases
- Exercise: Chapter 5
- Introduction
- Properties Of Transition Elements
- Complex Compounds
- Iron
- Corrosion
- Chromates And Dichromates
- Exercise: Chapter 6
- IUPAC Nomenclature
- Introduction
- Some Features Of Organic Compounds
- Importance Of Organic Chemistry
- Sources Of Organic Compounds
- Cracking Of Petroleum
- Reforming
- Classifications Of Organic Compounds
- Functional Group
- Hybridization Of Orbitals And The Shapes Of Molecules
- Isomerism
- Exercise: Chapter 7
- Introduction
- Nomenclature of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes Or Paraffins
- Alkenes
- Alkynes
- Comparison Of Reactivities Of Alkanes,alkenes And Alkynes
- Exercise: Chapter 8
- Introduction
- Benzene
- Stability & Resonance in Benzene
- Preparation Of Benzene
- Reactions Of Benzene
- Orientation in Electrophilic Substituition Reactions
- Comparison Of Reactivities Of Alkanes,alkenes And Benzene
- Exercise: Chapter 9
- Introduction
- Nomenclature Of Alkyl Halides
- Methods Of Preparation Of Alkyl Halides
- Reactivity Of Alkyl Halides
- Reactions Of Alkyl Halides
- Grignard Reagent
- Exercise: Chapter 10
- Introduction
- Nomenclature of Alcohols
- Industrial Preparation of Alcohols
- Reactions of Alcohols
- Alcohols And its Uses
- Distinction Between Primary, SecondaryAnd Tertiary Alcohols
- Phenol
- Ethers
- Exercise: Chapter 11
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation Of Aldehydes And Ketones
- Reactivity Of Carbonyl Group
- Reactions Of Carbonyl Compounds
- Aldol condenstation & Cannizaro's Reaction
- Identification Of Carbonyl Compounds
- Uses Of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde
- Exercise: Chapter 12
- General Methods Of Preparation
- Physical Characteristics
- Reactivity Of Carboxyl Group
- Reactions Of Carboxylic Acids
- Acetic Acid
- Amino Acids
- Exercise: Chapter 13
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- Concepts In Homeostasis
- Osmoregulation
- Excretion in Plants
- Excretion In Representative Animals
- Excretion in Human
- Kidney as Osmoregulatory Organ
- Kidney Problems and Cures
- Thermoregulation
- Exercise: Chapter 15
- Support In Plants
- Movements In Plants
- Support And Movements In Animals
- Human Skeleton
- Joints
- Deformities Of Skeleton
- Repair Of Broken Bones
- Muscles
- Muscle Disorders
- Arrangement Of Skeletal Muscles For Movement Of Skeleton
- Locomotion In Proctoctista And Invertebrates
- Locomotion And Skeleton In Vertebrates
- Exercise: Chapter 16
- Coordination In Plants
- Biological Rhythms
- Nervous Co-ordination
- Human Nervous System
- Nervous Disorders
- Chemical Coordination
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Islets of Langerhans (Pancreas)
- Adrenal Glands
- Gonads
- Feedback Mechanism
- Behaviour
- Exercise: Chapter 17
- Reproduction In Plants
- Reproduction In Animals
- Tissue Culturing And Cloning
- Identical Twins
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Birth
- Test Tube Babies
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Std)
- Exercise: Chapter 18
- Growth And Development In Plants
- Growth And Development In Animals
- Aging
- Regenration
- Abnormal Development
- Exercise: Chapter 19
- Introduction to Chromosomes
- Types Of Chromosomes
- Composition Of Chromosome
- The Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance
- DNA As Hereditary Material
- Chemical Nature of DNA
- DNA Replication & The Meselson - Stahl Experiment
- What Is A Gene?
- Cells Use RNA To Make Protein
- Genetic Code
- Transcription & Translation
- Mutations
- Exercise: Chapter 20
- Mitosis & Its Importance
- Cancer (uncontrolled cell division)
- Meiosis
- Meiotic Errors (Non-disjunction)
- Necrosis and Apoptosis
- Exercise: Chapter 21
- Genes, Alleles And Gene Pool
- Mendel’s Laws Of Inheritance
- Dominance Relations
- MN Blood Type Or Blood Group System
- Multiple Alleles
- Rh Blood Group System
- Epistasis Vs Pleiotropy
- Continuously Varying Traits
- Gene Linkage
- Crossing Over
- Sex Determination
- Sex Linkage
- Diabetes Mellitus And Its Genetic Basis
- Exercise: Chapter 22
- Recombinant DNA Technology
- The polymerase Chain Reaction
- Analyzing DNA
- The Human Genome Project
- Biotechnology Products
- Gene Therapy
- Exercise: Chapter 23
- Concept Of Evolution Vs Special Creation
- Evolution From Prokaryotes To Eukaryotes
- Inheritance Of Acquired Characteristics
- Evidences of Evolution
- Natural Selection And Artificial Selection
- Population, Gene Pool, Allele And Genotype Frequencies
- Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
- Endangered Species
- Exercise: Chapter 24
- Ecosystem
- Components Of Ecosystem
- Succession
- Predation, Parasitism, Commensialism and Grazing
- The Nitrogen Cycle
- Energy Flow in Ecosystem
- Exercise: Chapter 25
- Aquatic Or Hydrospheric Ecosystem
- Terrestrial Or Lithospheric Ecosystem
- Some Major Ecosystems In Pakistan
- Impacts of Human Activity on Ecosystem
- Exercise: Chapter 26
- Renewable And Non-Renewable Resources
- Energy Resources
- Degradation and Depletion of Resources
- Man's Impact on Environment
- Health and Diseases
- Exercise: Chapter 13
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F.Sc 2nd Year Pre-Medical (Sindh) Contents Include
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- Inroduction to Temperature & Triple Point of Water
- Gas Laws
- Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Heat and Work
- Internal Energy
- Thermodynamic System
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat Capacity
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Petrol Engine
- Diesel Engine
- Carnot Engine
- Refrigerator
- Entropy
- Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density
- Ampere's Law and Determination of Flux Density B
- Force on a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron
- Galvanometer
- Conversion of Galvanometer to Ammeter and Voltmeter
- Production of Electricity by Magnetism
- Induced Electromotive Force EMF
- Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
- Lenz's Law & Principle of Conservation of Energy
- Self Induction
- Energy Stored in An Inductor
- Mutual Induction
- Transformer + Eddy Current and Their Magnetic and Heating Effects
- Motional EMF
- AC Generator
- A.C Motor
- Production of Back EMF in Electric Motors
- A.C. Through A Resistor
- A.C. Through A Capacitor
- A.C. Through An Inductor
- Choke
- RLC Circuits
- Power in A.C. Circuits
- Parallel RC Circuit
- Series RC Circuit
- Metal Detectors
- Mechanical Properties of Solids
- Electrical Properties of Solids
- Superconductors
- Magnetic Properties of Solids
- Brief Review of p-n Junction and Its Characteristics
- Rectification
- Function and Uses of Light Emitting Diode (LED), Photodiode, Photo Voltaic Cell
- Transistors & Their Charchterisitics
- Operational Amplifier
- OP-AMP as a Comparator
- OP-AMP as Inverting Amplifier
- OP-AMP as Non-Inverting Amplifier
- Digital Signal Levels
- Logic Gates
- Frames of Reference
- Relative Motion
- Special Theory of Relativity
- General Theory of Relativity
- Black Body Radiation
- Photoelectric Effect
- Compton Effect
- Pair Production & Annihilation of Matter
- Wave Nature of Particles
- Uncertainty Principle
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr's Model And Its Postulate
- X-Rays
- Laser
- Atomic Nucleus
- Isotopes
- Radioactivity
- Radioactive Decay
- Mass Defect and Binding Enegy
- Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Fusion
- Radiation Exposure
- Biological Effects of Radiation
- Medical Uses of Nuclear Radiation
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- General Group Trends of Representative Elements
- Reactions of Representative Elements
- Chemistry of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
- Chemistry of Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2)
- Reactions of p-Block Elements
- Chemical Behaviour Of Halogens
- Chemistry of Sulphuric Acid
- Diagonal Relationship of Representative Elements
- Introduction
- General Features of Outer Transition Elements
- Coordination Compounds
- IUPAC Naming of Coordination Compunds
- Chromoium
- Chemistry of Potassium Dichromate
- Manganese
- Chemistry of Potassium Permanganate
- Iron
- Copper
- Introduction
- Sources + Coal as a Source of Organic Compounds
- Characteristics of Organic Compounds
- New Allotrope of Carbon (Bucky Balls)
- Functional Group
- Homologous Series
- Hydrocarbons & Their Derivatives + History of Nomenclature
- IUPAC System + Nomenclature of Alcohols and Carboxylic acid
- Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
- Nomenclature of Amines
- Nomenclature of Phenols
- Nomenclature of Ethers
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Nomenclature of Esters, Amide & Acyl Halides
- Introduction
- Alkanes & Cyclo Alkanes + Reactions of Alkanes
- Alkenes
- Alkynes
- Isomerism
- Benzene & Its Derivatives
- Molecular Orbital Structure of Benzene
- Reactions Of Benzene
- Electrophilic Substituition Reactions Of Benzene
- Introduction of Alkyl Halides
- Neocleophilic Substitution & Elimination Reactions
- Grignard Reagent
- Amines
- Preparataion of Amines
- Reactivity & Reactions of Amines
- Introduction & Structure of Alcohols
- Physical Properties of Alcohols
- Preparation of Alcohols
- Reactions of Alcohols
- Uses of Alcohols
- Distinction Between Primary, SecondaryAnd Tertiary Alcohols
- Phenol (Acidic Behaviour, Salt Formation, Ester Formation & Halogenation)
- Ethers
- Introduction + Structure of Aldehydes & Ketones
- Preparation Of Aldehydes And Ketones
- Reactivity Of Carbonyl Group
- Reactions Of Aldehydes And Ketones
- Laboratory Test to Distinguish Between Aldehydes & Ketones
- Introduction
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acid & Their Derivatives
- Reactions of Carboxylic Acid & Their Derivatives
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Minerals of Biological Significance
- Introduction to Chemical Industry
- Pharmaceutical Industry
- Pesticides
- Synthetic Polymers
- Cosmetics
- Adhesives
- Introduction
- Chemistry of Troposphere + Chemistry of Stratosphere
- Water Pollution & Water Analysis
- Green Chemistry
- Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
- Ultra-Violet/Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
- Atomic Absorption & Emission Spectroscopy
- Mass Spectrometry
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- Homeostasis & Elements of Homeostasis
- Osmoregulation
- Excretion In Representative Animals
- Kidney as Osmoregulatory Organ
- Disorders of Urinary Tract
- Thermoregulation
- Human Skeleton
- Joints
- Disorders of Skeleton
- Muscles
- Muscle Disorders
- Differentiate between Tetany & Tetanus
- Nervous Coordination & Steps Invloved in Nrevous Coordination
- Nreve Impulse & Synapse + Human Nervous System
- Effects of Drugs on Nervous Coordination
- Disorders of Nervous System
- Diagnostic Test for Nervous Disorders
- Introduction of Chemical Coordination + Chemical Composition of Hormones
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Pancreas
- Adrenal Glands
- Gonads
- Feedback Mechanism
- Behaviour (Innate + Learning)
- Biological Rhythms
- Social Learning
- Introduction of Reproduction
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Disorders of Reproductive System
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Human Embryonic Development + Control of Development
- Pregnancy
- Embryonic Disorders
- Aging
- Introduction to Chromosomes
- The Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance
- Types Of Chromosomes
- Composition Of Chromosome
- DNA As Hereditary Material
- Evidence of DNA As Hereditary Material
- DNA Replication
- Gene Expression
- Gene
- Genetic Code
- Regulating Gene Expression
- Mutation
- Laws of Mendel
- Dominance Relations
- Multiple Alleles
- Rh Blood Group System
- Epistasis Vs Pleiotropy
- Gene Linkage
- Crossing Over
- Sex Determination
- Sex Linkage
- The Evolution of the Concepts of Evolution + Theory of Natrual Selection
- Evidences of Evolution
- Evolution of Eukaryotes From Prokaryotes
- Lamarckism + Darwinism
- Theory of Natural Selection
- Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
- Introduction to Biogeochemical Cycle & Primery Reservoirs of Nutrients
- Water Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- The Flow of Energy
- Ecological Succession
- Human Impact on Environment
- Envrionmental Resources and their Depletion
- Recombinant DNA Technology
- Gene Amplification Through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- DNA Sequencing + DNA Analysis
- The History of Human Genome Project
- Tissue Culture
- Transgenic Bacteria, Plants and Animals
- Biotechnology and Health Care + Scope & Importance Of Biotechnology
- Integrated Disease Management
- Vaccination and its Importance
- Role of Vaccines in Preventing Polio, Measles, Hepatits and Tetanus
- Animal Husbandry
- Latest Techniques Applied to Enhance Crop & Fruit Yields
- Home Gardening
- Role of Microbes in Human Welfare
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F.Sc 2nd Year Pre-Medical (KPK) Contents Include
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- Properties of Charge
- Coulomb's Law
- Electric Field & Its Intensity
- Electric Field Lines
- Application of Electrostatics
- Electric Flux
- Electric Flux Through a Close Surface
- Gauss's Law and Its Applications
- Electric Potential & Electron Volt
- Capacitor
- Capacitance of A Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Combination of Capacitors
- Electric Polarization
- Energy Stored in A Capacitor
- Charging and Discharging A Capacitor
- Ohm's Law
- Resistance & Resistivity & Its Dependence Upon Temperature
- Wire Wound Variable Resistors
- Electromotive Force (EMF) and Potential Difference
- Electrical Power
- Kilo Watt Hour
- Maximum Power Output
- Thermocouples
- Kirchhoff's Rules
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Potentiometer
- Magnetic Field
- Force On A Current Carrying Conductor
- Magnetic Flux and Flux Density
- Ampere's Law and Determination of Flux Density B
- Motion of Charged Particle in an Electric and Magnetic Field
- Determination of e/m of an Electron
- Torque on a Current Carrying Coil
- Galvanometer
- Avo Meter-Multimeter
- Faraday's Law and Induced EMF
- Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced EMF
- Induced EMF and Induced Current
- Motional EMF
- Mutually Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Alternating Current Generator
- AC Motor
- Back EMF
- Transformers
- A.C. Through A Resistor
- A.C. Through An Pure Inductor
- A.C. Through A Capacitor
- R-C and R-L Series Circuits
- Power in A.C. Circuits
- Impedance
- Series Resonance Circuit
- Parallel Resonance Circuit
- Principle of Metal Detectors
- Maxwells Equation
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Elastic Moduli + Mechanical Properties of Solids
- Energy Band Theory
- Superconductors
- Classification of Magnetic Materials + Magnetic Hysteresis
- Semiconductor
- PN Junction and Its Characteristics
- Rectification
- Transistors
- Types of Configuration
- Optoelectronic Junction Devices
- Reference Frames
- Special Theory of Relativity
- Black Body Radiation
- Photoelectric Effect
- Compton Effect
- Pair Production & Annihilation of Matter
- Wave Nature of Particles
- Uncertainty Principle
- Bohr's Law of The Hydrogen Atom + Energy Level Diagram + De-Broglie Waves + Excitation & Ionization Potential
- Inner Shell Transitions and Characteristics X-Rays
- Laser
- Atomic Nucleus
- Isotopes + Mass Spectrograph
- Mass Defect and Binding Enegy
- Radioactivity
- Half Life
- Interaction of Radiation With Matter
- Radiation Detectors
- Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear Fission + Nuclear Reactors
- Nuclear Fusion
- Radiation Exposure
- Biological Effects of Radiation
- Biological and Medical Uses of Radiation
- Basic Forces of Nature & Building Blocks of Matter
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- Physical & Atomic Properties of Elements of 3rd Period
- Reaction of Period 3 Elements With Water, Oxygen & Chlorine
- Physical Properties and Acid Base Behaviour of the Oxides
- Chlorides and Hydroxides of Period 3 Elements
- Group I Elements + Group II Elements
- General Behaviour Of Group 1 Elements & Group 2 Elements
- Group-IV Elements
- Carbon And Silicon Oxides
- Group VII A Elements (Halogens)
- Society, Technology & Science
- Introduction
- General Features
- Coordination Compounds
- Nomenclature of Complex Compunds
- Venadium
- Chromoium
- The Chromate - Dichromate Equilibrium
- Chemistry of Potassium Dichromate
- Manganese
- Iron
- Copper
- Society, Technology & Science
- Introduction
- Sources + Coal as a Source of Organic Compounds
- Characteristics of Organic Compounds
- Uses of Organic Compounds
- New Allotrope of Carbon (Bucky Balls)
- Functional Group
- Homologous Series
- Detection of Elements in Organic Compounds
- Introduction + Types of Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes & Cycloalkanes + Reactions of Alkanes
- Radical Substitution Reaction
- Alkenes
- Isomerism
- Alkynes
- Benzene & Substituted Benzenes
- Molecular Orbital Structure of Benzene
- Resonance, Resonance Energy and Stablization
- Reactions Of Benzene
- Introduction of Alkyl Halides
- Nomenclature Of Alkyl Halides
- Preparation Of Alkyl Halides
- Reactivity Of Alkyl Halides
- Reactions Of Alkyl Halides
- Organometallic Compounds (Grignard Reagents)
- Amines
- Preparataion of Amines
- Reactivity & Reactions of Amines
- Introduction + Classifications of Alcohols
- Nomenclature of Alcohols
- Preparation of Alcohols
- Reactions of Alcohols
- Phenol
- Ethers
- Introduction, Physical Properties & Structure
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation Of Aldehydes And Ketones
- Reactivity of Carbonyl Group
- Reactions Of Aldehydes And Ketones
- Aldol condenstation & Cannizaro's Reaction
- Society, Technology & Science
- Introduction & Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid
- Physical Properties
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acid
- Reactivity Of Carboxyl Group
- Reactions Of Carboxylic Acids
- Society, Technology & Science
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Enzymes
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acid
- Minerals of Biological Significance
- Society, Technology & Science
- Introduction to Industrial Industry
- Safety Consideration in Process Industries
- Dyes
- Pesticides
- Petrochemical
- Synthetic Polymers (PVC & Nylon)
- Cosmetics
- Adhesives
- Introduction
- Chemistry of Troposphere + Chemistry of Stratosphere
- Water Pollution
- Waste Water Treatment
- Green Chemistry
- Society, Technology & Science
- Classical Method of Analysis, Combustion Analysis and Determination of Molecular Formula
- Spectroscopy
- Infrared (IR)
- Ultravoilet & Visible Spectrophotometry
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
- Atomic Absorption & Emission Spectroscopy
- Mass Spectrometry
- Society, Technology & Science
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- Human Respiratory System
- Mechanism of Breathing + Lung Volume and Capacities + Control of Breathing
- Mechanism of Transport of Gases
- Respiratory Pigments
- Respiratory Disorders + Disorders of Lungs
- Mechanism of Homeostasis
- Osmoregulation
- Excretion
- Human Excretory System
- Kidney as Osmoregulatory Organ
- Disorders of Urinary Tract
- Thermoregulation
- Human Skeleton
- Joints
- Disorders of Skeleton
- Repair Of Fractured Bones
- Muscles
- Structure Of Skeletal Muscles
- Muscle Disorders
- Introduction to Nervous Coordination + Neurons
- Nerve Impulse & Synapse + Organization of Human Nervous System
- Effects of Drugs on Nervous Coordination
- Disorders Nervous System
- Diagnostic Test for Nervous Disorders
- Hormones: The Chemical Messenger
- Neurosecretory Role of Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
- Adrenal Glands
- Gonads
- Feedback Mechanism
- Nature of Behaviour (Innate + Learning)
- Biological Rhythms
- Social Behaviour
- Introduction of Reproduction
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Disorders of Reproductive System
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Embryonic Development + Control of Development + Human Embryonic Development
- Disorders During Embryonic Development
- Aging
- Postnantal Development
- Mendelian Laws of Inheritance
- Excpetions to Mendelian Inheritance
- ABO Blood Group System
- Rh Blood Group System
- Gene Interactions
- Gene Linkage
- Crossing Over
- Sex Determination
- Sex Linkage
- Introduction to Chromosomes
- Composition Of Chromosome
- Concept of Gene
- The Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance
- DNA As Hereditary Material
- DNA Replication & The Meselson - Stahl Experiment
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Code
- Regulating Gene Expression
- Mutations
- Diseases Induced by Mutation
- The Evolution of the Concepts of Evolution
- Evolution of Eukaryotes From Prokaryotes
- Lamarckism + Darwinism
- Evidences of Evolution
- Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
- Genetic Drift (Natural Selection)
- Introduction to Biogeochemical Cycle
- Water Cycle
- The Nitrogen Cycle
- Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem
- Ecological Succession
- Human Impact on Environment
- Envrionmental Resources and their Depletion
- Recombinant DNA Technology
- The polymerase Chain Reaction
- DNA Sequencing + DNA Analysis
- The Human Genome Project
- Tissue Culture
- Transgenic Organisms
- Biotechnology and Health Care + Scope & Importance Of Biotechnology
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F.Sc 2nd Year Pre-Medical (Balochistan) Contents Include
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- Support In Plants + Significance of Secondary Growth + Movements In Plants
- Support And Movements In Animals
- Basic Concepts of Support and Movement In Man
- Human Skeleton
- Joints
- Deformities Of Skeleton
- Repair Of Broken Bones
- Comparison of Smooth, Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles
- Skeletal Muscle and Related Concepts
- Muscle Disorders
- Arrangement Of Skeletal Muscles For Movement Of Skeleton
- Locomotion In Protoctista And Invertebrates + Locomotion And Skeleton In Vertebrates
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- Coordination In Plants
- Biological Rhythms
- Comparison of Nervous and Hormonal Control
- Elements of Nervous System
- Nerve Impulse and Synapse
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Nervous Disorders
- Basic Concepts of Hormonal Control
- Chemical Composition of Hormones
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Adrenal Gland
- Islets of Langerhans
- Hormones of Alimentary Canal
- Hormones of Ovaries and Testes
- Endocrine Disorders
- Behaviour
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- Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance
- Chromosomes (Composition + Types)
- DNA As Hereditary Material
- Chemical Nature of DNA
- DNA Replication + The Meselson - Stahl Experiment
- One Gene, One Polypeptide Hypothesis (Medium imp)
- What Is Gene (High imp)
- Transcription + Cell Use Rna To Make Protein + Three Types of RNA
- Mutations
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- Genes, Alleles and Gene Pool
- Dihybrid And Dihybrid Cross
- Dominance Relations
- Mn Blood Type Or Blood Group System
- Multiple Alleles + ABO Blood Group System
- Rh Blood Group System
- Epistasis Vs Pleiotropy
- Continuously Varying Traits
- Gene Linkage
- Crossing Over
- Sex Determination
- Sex Linkage
- Solving Pedigree Problems
- Diabetes Mellitus And Its Genetic Basis
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- Electric Field Lines
- Applications of Electrostatics
- Electric Flux
- Electric Flux Through a Surface Enclosing a Charge
- Gauss's Law and its Applications
- Electric Potential & Electron Volt
- Electric and Gravitational Forces (A Comparison)
- Charge on an Electron by Millikan's Method
- Capacitor and Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- Charging and Discharging a Capacitor
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- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Flux & Flux Density
- Ampere's Law & Determination of Flux Density B
- Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
- Motion of Charged Particle in an Electric & Magnetic Field
- Determination of e/m of an Electron
- Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
- Torque on a Current Carrying Coil
- AVO Meter -Multimeter
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- Introduction to s-Block Elements
- General Behaviour Of Alkali Metals
- General Behaviour of Alkaline Earth Metals
- Commercial Preparation of Sodium by Down\'s Cell
- Commercial Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide by the Diaphragm Cell
- Role of Gypsum in Agriculture & Industry
- Role of Lime (CaO) in Agriculture & Industry
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- Introduction to Carbonyl Compounds
- Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds
- Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds
- Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with HCN, 2,4 DNPH, Na Borohydride & Oxidation Reactions
- Identification of Carbonyl Compounds
- Tollen\'s Test & Fehling\'s Solution Test
- Uses of Formaldehyde & Acetaldehyde
- Iodoform Test
F.Sc 2nd Year Pre-Medical (Federal/ICT & AJK) Contents Include
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- Properties of Charge
- Coulomb's Law
- Electric Field & Its Intensity
- Electric Field Lines
- Application of Electrostatics
- Electric Flux
- Electric Flux Through a Close Surface
- Gauss's Law and Its Applications
- Electric Potential & Electron Volt
- Capacitor
- Capacitance of A Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Combination of Capacitors
- Electric Polarization
- Energy Stored in A Capacitor
- Charging and Discharging A Capacitor
- Ohm's Law
- Resistance & Resistivity & Its Dependence Upon Temperature
- Wire Wound Variable Resistors
- Electromotive Force (EMF) and Potential Difference
- Electrical Power
- Kilo Watt Hour
- Maximum Power Output
- Thermocouples
- Kirchhoff's Rules
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Potentiometer
- Magnetic Field
- Force On A Current Carrying Conductor
- Magnetic Flux and Flux Density
- Ampere's Law and Determination of Flux Density B
- Motion of Charged Particle in an Electric and Magnetic Field
- Determination of e/m of an Electron
- Torque on a Current Carrying Coil
- Galvanometer
- Avo Meter-Multimeter
- Faraday's Law and Induced EMF
- Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced EMF
- Induced EMF and Induced Current
- Motional EMF
- Mutually Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Alternating Current Generator
- AC Motor
- Back EMF
- Transformers
- A.C. Through A Resistor
- A.C. Through An Pure Inductor
- A.C. Through A Capacitor
- R-C and R-L Series Circuits
- Power in A.C. Circuits
- Impedance
- Series Resonance Circuit
- Parallel Resonance Circuit
- Principle of Metal Detectors
- Maxwells Equation
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Elastic Moduli + Mechanical Properties of Solids
- Energy Band Theory
- Superconductors
- Classification of Magnetic Materials + Magnetic Hysteresis
- Semiconductor
- PN Junction and Its Characteristics
- Rectification
- Transistors
- Types of Configuration
- Optoelectronic Junction Devices
- Reference Frames
- Special Theory of Relativity
- Black Body Radiation
- Photoelectric Effect
- Compton Effect
- Pair Production & Annihilation of Matter
- Wave Nature of Particles
- Uncertainty Principle
- Bohr's Law of The Hydrogen Atom + Energy Level Diagram + De-Broglie Waves + Excitation & Ionization Potential
- Inner Shell Transitions and Characteristics X-Rays
- Laser
- Atomic Nucleus
- Isotopes + Mass Spectrograph
- Mass Defect and Binding Enegy
- Radioactivity
- Half Life
- Interaction of Radiation With Matter
- Radiation Detectors
- Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear Fission + Nuclear Reactors
- Nuclear Fusion
- Radiation Exposure
- Biological Effects of Radiation
- Biological and Medical Uses of Radiation
- Basic Forces of Nature & Building Blocks of Matter
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- Atomic and Physical Properties of Period 3 Elements
- Chemical Reactions of Period 3 Elements
- Physical Properties and Acid-Base Behaviour of the Oxides
- Chlorides and Hydroxides of Period 3 Elements
- Group 1 Elements + Group 2 Elements
- General Behaviour Of Group 1 Elements & Group 2 Elements
- Group 4 - Elements
- Carbon And Silicon Oxides
- Group 7 - Elements (Halogens)
- Society, Technology & Science
- Commercial Uses Of Halogen
- Introduction
- General Features
- Coordination Compounds
- Nomenclature of Complex Compunds
- Venadium
- Chromoium
- Chromates And Dichromates
- Chemistry of Potassium Dichromate
- Manganese
- Iron
- Copper
- Society, Technology & Science
- Introduction
- Sources + Coal as a Source of Organic Compounds
- Characteristics of Organic Compounds
- Uses of Organic Compounds
- New Allotrope of Carbon (Bucky Balls)
- Functional Group
- Homologous Series
- Detection of Elements in Organic Compounds
- Introduction + Types of Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes & Cycloalkanes + Reactions of Alkanes
- Radical Substitution Reaction
- Alkenes
- Isomerism
- Alkynes
- Benzene & Substituted Benzenes
- Molecular Orbital Structure of Benzene
- Resonance, Resonance Energy and Stablization
- Reactions Of Benzene
- Introduction
- Nomenclature Of Alkyl Halides
- Preparation Of Alkyl Halides
- Reactivity Of Alkyl Halides
- Reactions Of Alkyl Halides
- Organometallic Compounds (Grignard's Reagent)
- Amines
- Preparataion of Amines
- Reactivity & Reactions of Amines
- Scoiety, Technology and Science
- Introduction + Classifications of Alcohols
- Nomenclature of Alcohols
- Preparation of Alcohols
- Reactions of Alcohols
- Phenol
- Ethers
- Introduction
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation Of Aldehydes And Ketones
- Reactivity
- Reactions Of Aldehydes And Ketones
- Aldol condenstation & Cannizaro's Reaction
- Society, Technology & Science
- Introduction & Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid
- Physical Properties
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acid
- Reactivity Of Carboxyl Group
- Reactions Of Carboxylic Acids
- Society, Technology & Science
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Enzymes
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acid
- Minerals of Biological Significance
- Society, Technology & Science
- Introduction to Chemical Industry
- Raw Material for the Chemical Industry
- Safety Consideration in Process Industries
- Dyes
- Pesticides
- Petrochemical
- Synthetic Polymers
- Cosmetic Chemistry
- Adhesives
- Introduction
- Chemistry of Troposphere + Chemistry of Stratosphere
- Water Pollution
- Purification of Water
- Green Chemistry
- Society, Technology & Science
- Classical Method of Analysis
- Spectroscopy
- Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
- Visible & Ultravoilet Spectroscopy
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
- Atomic Absorption & Emission Spectroscopy
- Mass Spectrometry
- Society, Technology & Science
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- Respiratory System of Man
- Mechanism of Breathing + Respiratory Volumes + Control of Breathing
- Transport of Gases
- Respiratory Pigments
- Respiratory Disorders
- Concepts In Homeostasis
- Osmoregulation
- Excretory System of Man
- Structure and Funtion of Kidney
- Disorders of Urinary Tract
- Thermoregulation
- Human Skeleton
- Joints
- Disorder of Skeleton
- Repair Of Broken Bones
- Muscles
- Structure of skeletal Muscles
- Muscle Disorders
- Introduction to Nervous Coordination + Neurons
- Nerve Impulse & Synapse + Basic Organization of Human Nervous System
- Effects of Drugs on Nervous Coordination
- Disorders Nervous System
- Diagnostic Test for Nervous Disorders
- Hormones: The Chemical Messenger
- Neurosecretory Role of Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Pancreas
- Adrenal Glands
- Gonads
- Feedback Mechanism
- Behaviour (Innate + Learning)
- Biological Rhythms
- Social Behaviour
- Introduction of Reproduction
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Disorders of Reproductive System
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Embryonic Development + Control of Development + Human Embryonic Development
- Birth & Nursing
- Disorders During Embryonic Development
- Postnantal Development
- Aging
- Mendelian Inheritance
- Excpetions of Mendelian Inheritance
- ABO Blood Group System
- Rh Blood Group System
- Polygenic Inheritance & Epistasis
- Gene Linkage
- Crossing Over
- Sex Determination
- Sex Linkage
- Introduction to Chromosomes
- The Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance
- Composition Of Chromosome
- Concept of Gene
- DNA As Hereditary Material
- DNA Replication & The Meselson - Stahl Experiment
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Code
- Regulating Gene Expression
- Mutations
- The Evolution of the Concepts of Evolution
- Evolution From Prokaryotes To Eukaryotes
- Lamarckism + Darwinism
- Evidences of Evolution
- Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
- Genetic Drift (Natural Selection)
- Introduction to Biogeochemical Cycle & Primery Reservoirs of Nutrients
- Water Cycle
- The Nitrogen Cycle
- The Flow of Energy
- Ecological Succession
- Human Impact on Environment
- Envrionmental Resources and their Depletion
- Recombinant DNA Technology
- The polymerase Chain Reaction
- DNA Sequencing + DNA Analysis
- The Human Genome Project
- Tissue Culture
- Transgenic Bacteria, Plants and Animals
- Biotechnology and Health Care + Scope & Importance Of Biotechnology
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